###AWK - Intro####
Features:
1. Reporter
2. Field Processsor
3. Supports Scripting
4. Programming Constructs - such as loop,contidition
5. Default delimiter is whitespace
6. Suuports: Pipes, files, and STDIN as sources of input
7. Automatically tokenizee processed collums/fields into the valiables: $1 $2...$n
Usage:
awk '{instructions}' file(s)
awk '/pattern/ {procedure} ' file
awk -f script_file file(s)
Tasks:
Note: $0 repreents the current record or row
1. Print entire row, one at a time, from an input file(animals.txt)
a. awk '{ print $0 }' animals.txt
2. Print specifi colums from (animals.txt)
a. awk '{print $1}' animals.txt - this prints the 1st column from the file
3. Print multiple columns from (animals.txt)
a. awk '{print $1; print $2}' animals.txt
b. awk '{print $1,$2}' animals.txt
4. Print columns from line containing 'deer'using RegEx supports
b. awk '/deer/ {print $0}' animals.txt
5. Print columns from line containing digits
b. awk '/[0-9]/ {print $0}' animals.txt
6. Remove blank lines with sed and pipe output to awk for proceeding
a. sed -e /^$/d animals.txt | awk '/^[0-9]*$/ {print $0}' animals.txt
7. Print ALL lines beginning with the animal 'dog' case-insensitive
a. awk '/^dog/I { print }' animals.txt
###Delimiters###
Default delimiter: whitespace (space, tabs)
Use: '-F' to influence the default delimiter
Task:
1. Parse /etc/passwd using awk
a. awk -F: ' { print } ' /etc/passwd
b. awk -F: ' { print $1, $5 } ' /etc/passwd
2. Support for charecter classes in setting the default delimiter
a. awk -F"[:;,\t]"
###Awk scripts####
Features:
1. Ablity to organize patterns and procedures into a script file
2. The passwd/procedures are much neater and easier to read
3. Less information is placed on the command-line
4. By default, loops through lines of input from various sources: STDIN, Pipe, Files
5. # is the default comment character
6. Able to perform mathces base on specific fields
Awk Scripts consists of 3 Parts:
1. Before (denotes using: BEGIN) - Executed prior to F line of input being read
2. During (Main Awk Loop) - Foucuses on looping through lines of input
3. After (denoted using: END) - Executed after the LAST line of input has been processed
Note: BEGIN and END components of Awk scripts are OPTIONAL
Tasks:
1. Print to the screen some of useful information without reading input (STDIN, Pipe, or File)
a. awk 'BEGIN {print " Testing Awk without input file"}'
2. Set system variables: FS to color in BEGIN block
a. awk ' BEGIN { FS = ":" }'
b. awk ' BEGIN { FS = ":" ; print FS }'
c. awk ' BEGIN { FS = ":" ; print "Testing"; print FS }'
3. Write script to extract rows which rows which contain 'deer' from animals.txt using RegEx
a. awk -f animals.awk animals.txt
[root@localhost]# cat awk_scripts.awk
#This script parses document for items containging deer
BEGIN { print "Begin processing of various records" }
/deer/ { print }
END { print "process complted" }
awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":"; print "Staring Awk" } /^root/ { print} END {print "Ending"}' /etc/passwd
awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":"; print "Staring Awk" } { print $1 "--" $7 } END {print "Ending"}' /etc/passwd --##will give user and their home dir from /etc/passwd
4. Parse /etc/passwd
a. print entire lines { print }
b. print specific columns - { print $1, $2}
c. print specific columns for a specific user - /linuxcbt/ { print $1, $5}
d. print specific columns for a specific user matching a given column - $1 ~ /root/ { print $1, $5}
e. test column #7 for the sting 'bash' - $7 ~ /bash/ { print }
#To find bash enabled user
# awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":"; print "Staring Awk" } $7 ~ /bash/ { print } END {print "Ending"}' /etc/passwd
Staring Awk
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
student:x:1000:1000:student:/home/student:/bin/bash
Ending
###Awk Variables###
Features 3 Types of valiables:
1. System - i,e. FILENAME, RS,ORS...
2. Scalars - i,e. a = 3
3. Arrays - i,e. variable_name[n]
Note: Variables do not need to be declared. Awk, automatically registers them in memory
Note: Variable name ARE case-sensitive
System Variables:
1. FILENAME - name of current input file
2. FNR - used when multiple input files are used
3. FS - field separator - defaults to whitespace - can be a single character, including via a RegEx
4. OFS - default field separator - whitespace
5. NF - number of fields in the current records
6. NR - current record number (it is auto-summed when referenced in END section)
7. RS - record separator - defaults to a newline
8. ORS - output record seprator - defualts to a newline
9. ARGV - array of command-line arguuments - indexed at 0, beginning with $1
10. ARGC - total # of command-line arguments
11. ENVIRON - array of environment variables for the current user
awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":"; print "Staring Awk" } $7 ~ /bash/ { print; print FILENAME; print NF } END {print "Ending"}' /etc/passwd Staring Awk
Staring Awk
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
/etc/passwd
7
student:x:1000:1000:student:/home/student:/bin/bash
/etc/passwd
7
Ending
Task:
1. print key system variables
a. print FILENAME ( print anywhere after the BEGIN block)
Test.sed
######
BEGIN {FS = ":"; print "Staring Awk" }
$7 ~ /bash/ { print }
END {print "Ending" ; print "Filename: " FILENAME}'}
#####
# awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":"; print "Staring Awk" } $7 ~ /bash/ { print } END {print "Ending" ; print "Filename: " FILENAME}' /etc/passwd
Staring Awk
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
student:x:1000:1000:student:/home/student:/bin/bash
Ending
Filename: /etc/passwd
b. print NF - number of fields per record
c. print NR - current record number
# awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":"; print "Staring Awk" } $7 ~ /bash/ { print NR $1 } END {print "Ending" ; print "Filename: "
FILENAME}' /etc/passwd
Staring Awk
1root
20student
Ending
Filename: /etc/passwd
d. print ARGC - returns total number of command-line arguments
Scalar Variables:
variable_name = value
age = 39
Note: Set scalars in the BEGIN section, however, they can be, if required, set in the main loop
[ ++age ] - increments variable 'age' by 1, for each iteration of the mail loop (components 2 of 3)
Set variables to string using double quotes:
fulname ="cenots linux"
Concatenate variables by sepration the values using a space
Example:-
# awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":"; print "Staring Awk" ; fullname = "centos" "redhat"} $7 ~ /bash/ { print NR $1 } END {print "Ending" ;print "Name_variable: " fullname ; print "Filename: " FILENAME}' /etc/passwd
Staring Awk
1root
20student
Ending
Name_variable: centosredhat
Filename: /etc/passwd
Array Variables:
Feature:
1. List of information
Task:
1. Defint an anrray variable to store various ages
a. age[0] = 50
2. Use split funtion to auto-build an array
a. arr1num = split(string, array, separator)
###Operators###
Features:
1. Provides comparison tools for expressions
2. Generally 2 types:
a. Relational - ==, 1+, <, >, <=, >=, ~ (RegEx Matches), !~ (RegEx Does NOT Match)
b. Boolean - ||(or), &&(AND), !(NOT) - combines comparisons
3. Print something if the current recored number is > 10
a. NR > 10 { print "current Record Number is greater than 10" }
4. Extract records with ONLY 2 fields
a. NF == 2 { print }
5. Find records that have at least 2 fields and are positioned at record 5 or higher
a. NF >= 2 && NR >= 5
###Loops####
Features:
1. Support for: while, do, and for
While:
{ while (NR > 10) print "Greater than 10" }
For:
{ for (i=1; i<=10; i++) print i }
Do: Performs the action carried-out by while at least once:
do action while (condition)
####Processing Records with AWk###
Task:
1. Process multiple delimiters in the same file (across records)
a. awk -F "[;: ]" '{ print }" animals2.txt
b. awk 'BEGIN { FS="[ :;]" }; { print $2 } ' file
c. awk -f script_name file
2. Process multiple delimiters on the same line
a. Note: Script does NOT change, however, input files DOES
3. Normalize the output Field Separator (OFS)
BEGIN { OFS=":" }
4. Build animalclasses array from the list of clases in animals2.txt
a. { userclass[NR] = $2 } \for (i=0; i <= NR; i++) \ print "User Info" i ": " userclass[i] - Place in mail loop - builds userclass array
a1. awk ' BEGIN { FS = "[ ;:]"; print "Begin Processing of various records"} { userclass[NR] = $1 } END { print "Process Complete" ;for (i=0; i <= NR; i++) print "User Info",i,": " ,userclass[i] }' /etc/passwd
5. Extract Daemon tntries from /var/log/messages
a. extract kernel messages
a1. awk ' /kernel/ { print }' /var/log/messages
a2. awk ' /kernel/ { print }' /var/log/messages | awk '$8 ~ /cpu/I { print }'
a3. awk ' /kernel/ { print }' /var/log/messages | awk ' BEGIN {print "Process stated" } $8 ~ /cpu/ { print } END {print "Process completed"}'
####Printf Formatting####
Feature:
1. Ability to control the width of fields in the output
Usage:
printf("format", arguments)
Supported printf formats include:
1. %c - ASCII characters
2. %d - Decimals - NOT floating point values OR values to the right of the deicmal point
3. %f - Floating point
4. %s - Strings
Note: printf does NO print newline character(s)
This means you will need to indicate a newline charecter sequences: -n - in the "format" section of the printf
Note: Default output is right-justified. Use '-' to indicate left-justification
General format section:
[-]width.precision[cdfs]
width - influences the actual width of the colum to be output
procision - influences the number of places to the right of the decimal point
procision - ALSO influences the numer of stirngs to be printed from a string
Examples | Tasks:
1. print "Testing printf" from the command-line
a. awk ' BEGIN { printf("Testing printf\n") }'
2. read 'file' and format the output with prinf
a. awk ' BEGIN { printf ("Here is the output\n") } { printf("%s", $1)} '
b. awk ' BEGIN { FS = ":" ; printf ("Here is the output\n") } { printf("%s : %s\n", $1,$5)} ' /etc/passwd
3. Apply width and precision to task #2
a. awk ' BEGIN { FS = ":" ; printf ("Here is the output\n") } { printf("%.4s : %s\n", $1,$5)} ' /etc/passwd
b. awk ' BEGIN { FS = ":" ; printf ("Here is the output\n") } { printf("%20s\t %20s\n", $1,$5)} ' /etc/passwd
4. Left-justify task #3
a. awk ' BEGIN { FS = ":" ; printf ("Here is the output\n") } { printf("%-20s\t %20s\n", $1,$5)} ' /etc/passwd
5. Parse animals_with_prices.txt
a. awk ' BEGIN { FS = ":" ; printf ("Here is the output\n") } { printf("%-20s\t %d\n", $1,$2)} ' /etc/passwd
Realtime Examples:-
a. powermt display dev=$i| awk -F= ' $1 ~ /Logical device ID/ {print $2 }'`
b. cat emc_psedoname| awk '{print $1}'| awk -F/ '{printf ("%.10s\n", $3)}'
6. Format using printf 'files'
a. awk ' BEGIN { FS = "[ ;:]"; print "Begin Processing of various records"} { userclass[NR] = $1 } END { print "Process Complete" ;for (i=0; i <= NR; i++) printf("%-9s %-2d %-2s %-10s\n", "User Info",i,": " ,userclass[i]) }' /etc/passwd
a1. awk ' BEGIN { FS = "[ ;:]"; print "Begin Processing of various records"} { userclass[NR] = $1 } END { print "Process Complete" ;for (i=0; i <= NR; i++) printf("%-9s %-2d %-2s %-8s\n", "User Info",i,": " ,userclass[i]); print "Total users " NR }' /etc/passwd
7. Apply upper and lower-case formatting to printf values
a. awk ' BEGIN { FS = "[ ;:]"; print "Begin Processing of various records"} { userclass[NR] = $1 } END { print "Process Complete" ;for (i=0; i <= NR; i++) printf("%-9s %-2d %-2s %-8s\n", "User Info",i,": " ,toupper(userclass[i])); print "Total users " NR }' /etc/passwd
b. awk ' BEGIN { FS = "[ ;:]"; print "Begin Processing of various records"} { userclass[NR] = $1 } END { print "Process Complete" ;for (i=0; i <= NR; i++) printf("%-9s %-2d %-2s %-8s\n", "User Info",i,": " ,tolower(userclass[i])); print "Total users " NR }' /etc/passwd
8. Format output from /var/log/messages
a. Extract date, time, server and daemon cloumns, include a header
awk ' BEGIN { printf ("%-16s %-15s %-10s\n", "Date", "Server", "Daemon" )} /kernel/ { printf("%3s %2s %8s %-15s %10s\n", $1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' /var/log/messages
Features:
1. Reporter
2. Field Processsor
3. Supports Scripting
4. Programming Constructs - such as loop,contidition
5. Default delimiter is whitespace
6. Suuports: Pipes, files, and STDIN as sources of input
7. Automatically tokenizee processed collums/fields into the valiables: $1 $2...$n
Usage:
awk '{instructions}' file(s)
awk '/pattern/ {procedure} ' file
awk -f script_file file(s)
Tasks:
Note: $0 repreents the current record or row
1. Print entire row, one at a time, from an input file(animals.txt)
a. awk '{ print $0 }' animals.txt
2. Print specifi colums from (animals.txt)
a. awk '{print $1}' animals.txt - this prints the 1st column from the file
3. Print multiple columns from (animals.txt)
a. awk '{print $1; print $2}' animals.txt
b. awk '{print $1,$2}' animals.txt
4. Print columns from line containing 'deer'using RegEx supports
b. awk '/deer/ {print $0}' animals.txt
5. Print columns from line containing digits
b. awk '/[0-9]/ {print $0}' animals.txt
6. Remove blank lines with sed and pipe output to awk for proceeding
a. sed -e /^$/d animals.txt | awk '/^[0-9]*$/ {print $0}' animals.txt
7. Print ALL lines beginning with the animal 'dog' case-insensitive
a. awk '/^dog/I { print }' animals.txt
###Delimiters###
Default delimiter: whitespace (space, tabs)
Use: '-F' to influence the default delimiter
Task:
1. Parse /etc/passwd using awk
a. awk -F: ' { print } ' /etc/passwd
b. awk -F: ' { print $1, $5 } ' /etc/passwd
2. Support for charecter classes in setting the default delimiter
a. awk -F"[:;,\t]"
###Awk scripts####
Features:
1. Ablity to organize patterns and procedures into a script file
2. The passwd/procedures are much neater and easier to read
3. Less information is placed on the command-line
4. By default, loops through lines of input from various sources: STDIN, Pipe, Files
5. # is the default comment character
6. Able to perform mathces base on specific fields
Awk Scripts consists of 3 Parts:
1. Before (denotes using: BEGIN) - Executed prior to F line of input being read
2. During (Main Awk Loop) - Foucuses on looping through lines of input
3. After (denoted using: END) - Executed after the LAST line of input has been processed
Note: BEGIN and END components of Awk scripts are OPTIONAL
Tasks:
1. Print to the screen some of useful information without reading input (STDIN, Pipe, or File)
a. awk 'BEGIN {print " Testing Awk without input file"}'
2. Set system variables: FS to color in BEGIN block
a. awk ' BEGIN { FS = ":" }'
b. awk ' BEGIN { FS = ":" ; print FS }'
c. awk ' BEGIN { FS = ":" ; print "Testing"; print FS }'
3. Write script to extract rows which rows which contain 'deer' from animals.txt using RegEx
a. awk -f animals.awk animals.txt
[root@localhost]# cat awk_scripts.awk
#This script parses document for items containging deer
BEGIN { print "Begin processing of various records" }
/deer/ { print }
END { print "process complted" }
awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":"; print "Staring Awk" } /^root/ { print} END {print "Ending"}' /etc/passwd
awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":"; print "Staring Awk" } { print $1 "--" $7 } END {print "Ending"}' /etc/passwd --##will give user and their home dir from /etc/passwd
4. Parse /etc/passwd
a. print entire lines { print }
b. print specific columns - { print $1, $2}
c. print specific columns for a specific user - /linuxcbt/ { print $1, $5}
d. print specific columns for a specific user matching a given column - $1 ~ /root/ { print $1, $5}
e. test column #7 for the sting 'bash' - $7 ~ /bash/ { print }
#To find bash enabled user
# awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":"; print "Staring Awk" } $7 ~ /bash/ { print } END {print "Ending"}' /etc/passwd
Staring Awk
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
student:x:1000:1000:student:/home/student:/bin/bash
Ending
###Awk Variables###
Features 3 Types of valiables:
1. System - i,e. FILENAME, RS,ORS...
2. Scalars - i,e. a = 3
3. Arrays - i,e. variable_name[n]
Note: Variables do not need to be declared. Awk, automatically registers them in memory
Note: Variable name ARE case-sensitive
System Variables:
1. FILENAME - name of current input file
2. FNR - used when multiple input files are used
3. FS - field separator - defaults to whitespace - can be a single character, including via a RegEx
4. OFS - default field separator - whitespace
5. NF - number of fields in the current records
6. NR - current record number (it is auto-summed when referenced in END section)
7. RS - record separator - defaults to a newline
8. ORS - output record seprator - defualts to a newline
9. ARGV - array of command-line arguuments - indexed at 0, beginning with $1
10. ARGC - total # of command-line arguments
11. ENVIRON - array of environment variables for the current user
awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":"; print "Staring Awk" } $7 ~ /bash/ { print; print FILENAME; print NF } END {print "Ending"}' /etc/passwd Staring Awk
Staring Awk
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
/etc/passwd
7
student:x:1000:1000:student:/home/student:/bin/bash
/etc/passwd
7
Ending
Task:
1. print key system variables
a. print FILENAME ( print anywhere after the BEGIN block)
Test.sed
######
BEGIN {FS = ":"; print "Staring Awk" }
$7 ~ /bash/ { print }
END {print "Ending" ; print "Filename: " FILENAME}'}
#####
# awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":"; print "Staring Awk" } $7 ~ /bash/ { print } END {print "Ending" ; print "Filename: " FILENAME}' /etc/passwd
Staring Awk
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
student:x:1000:1000:student:/home/student:/bin/bash
Ending
Filename: /etc/passwd
b. print NF - number of fields per record
c. print NR - current record number
# awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":"; print "Staring Awk" } $7 ~ /bash/ { print NR $1 } END {print "Ending" ; print "Filename: "
FILENAME}' /etc/passwd
Staring Awk
1root
20student
Ending
Filename: /etc/passwd
d. print ARGC - returns total number of command-line arguments
Scalar Variables:
variable_name = value
age = 39
Note: Set scalars in the BEGIN section, however, they can be, if required, set in the main loop
[ ++age ] - increments variable 'age' by 1, for each iteration of the mail loop (components 2 of 3)
Set variables to string using double quotes:
fulname ="cenots linux"
Concatenate variables by sepration the values using a space
Example:-
# awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":"; print "Staring Awk" ; fullname = "centos" "redhat"} $7 ~ /bash/ { print NR $1 } END {print "Ending" ;print "Name_variable: " fullname ; print "Filename: " FILENAME}' /etc/passwd
Staring Awk
1root
20student
Ending
Name_variable: centosredhat
Filename: /etc/passwd
Array Variables:
Feature:
1. List of information
Task:
1. Defint an anrray variable to store various ages
a. age[0] = 50
2. Use split funtion to auto-build an array
a. arr1num = split(string, array, separator)
###Operators###
Features:
1. Provides comparison tools for expressions
2. Generally 2 types:
a. Relational - ==, 1+, <, >, <=, >=, ~ (RegEx Matches), !~ (RegEx Does NOT Match)
b. Boolean - ||(or), &&(AND), !(NOT) - combines comparisons
3. Print something if the current recored number is > 10
a. NR > 10 { print "current Record Number is greater than 10" }
4. Extract records with ONLY 2 fields
a. NF == 2 { print }
5. Find records that have at least 2 fields and are positioned at record 5 or higher
a. NF >= 2 && NR >= 5
###Loops####
Features:
1. Support for: while, do, and for
While:
{ while (NR > 10) print "Greater than 10" }
For:
{ for (i=1; i<=10; i++) print i }
Do: Performs the action carried-out by while at least once:
do action while (condition)
####Processing Records with AWk###
Task:
1. Process multiple delimiters in the same file (across records)
a. awk -F "[;: ]" '{ print }" animals2.txt
b. awk 'BEGIN { FS="[ :;]" }; { print $2 } ' file
c. awk -f script_name file
2. Process multiple delimiters on the same line
a. Note: Script does NOT change, however, input files DOES
3. Normalize the output Field Separator (OFS)
BEGIN { OFS=":" }
4. Build animalclasses array from the list of clases in animals2.txt
a. { userclass[NR] = $2 } \for (i=0; i <= NR; i++) \ print "User Info" i ": " userclass[i] - Place in mail loop - builds userclass array
a1. awk ' BEGIN { FS = "[ ;:]"; print "Begin Processing of various records"} { userclass[NR] = $1 } END { print "Process Complete" ;for (i=0; i <= NR; i++) print "User Info",i,": " ,userclass[i] }' /etc/passwd
5. Extract Daemon tntries from /var/log/messages
a. extract kernel messages
a1. awk ' /kernel/ { print }' /var/log/messages
a2. awk ' /kernel/ { print }' /var/log/messages | awk '$8 ~ /cpu/I { print }'
a3. awk ' /kernel/ { print }' /var/log/messages | awk ' BEGIN {print "Process stated" } $8 ~ /cpu/ { print } END {print "Process completed"}'
####Printf Formatting####
Feature:
1. Ability to control the width of fields in the output
Usage:
printf("format", arguments)
Supported printf formats include:
1. %c - ASCII characters
2. %d - Decimals - NOT floating point values OR values to the right of the deicmal point
3. %f - Floating point
4. %s - Strings
Note: printf does NO print newline character(s)
This means you will need to indicate a newline charecter sequences: -n - in the "format" section of the printf
Note: Default output is right-justified. Use '-' to indicate left-justification
General format section:
[-]width.precision[cdfs]
width - influences the actual width of the colum to be output
procision - influences the number of places to the right of the decimal point
procision - ALSO influences the numer of stirngs to be printed from a string
Examples | Tasks:
1. print "Testing printf" from the command-line
a. awk ' BEGIN { printf("Testing printf\n") }'
2. read 'file' and format the output with prinf
a. awk ' BEGIN { printf ("Here is the output\n") } { printf("%s", $1)} '
b. awk ' BEGIN { FS = ":" ; printf ("Here is the output\n") } { printf("%s : %s\n", $1,$5)} ' /etc/passwd
3. Apply width and precision to task #2
a. awk ' BEGIN { FS = ":" ; printf ("Here is the output\n") } { printf("%.4s : %s\n", $1,$5)} ' /etc/passwd
b. awk ' BEGIN { FS = ":" ; printf ("Here is the output\n") } { printf("%20s\t %20s\n", $1,$5)} ' /etc/passwd
4. Left-justify task #3
a. awk ' BEGIN { FS = ":" ; printf ("Here is the output\n") } { printf("%-20s\t %20s\n", $1,$5)} ' /etc/passwd
5. Parse animals_with_prices.txt
a. awk ' BEGIN { FS = ":" ; printf ("Here is the output\n") } { printf("%-20s\t %d\n", $1,$2)} ' /etc/passwd
Realtime Examples:-
a. powermt display dev=$i| awk -F= ' $1 ~ /Logical device ID/ {print $2 }'`
b. cat emc_psedoname| awk '{print $1}'| awk -F/ '{printf ("%.10s\n", $3)}'
6. Format using printf 'files'
a. awk ' BEGIN { FS = "[ ;:]"; print "Begin Processing of various records"} { userclass[NR] = $1 } END { print "Process Complete" ;for (i=0; i <= NR; i++) printf("%-9s %-2d %-2s %-10s\n", "User Info",i,": " ,userclass[i]) }' /etc/passwd
a1. awk ' BEGIN { FS = "[ ;:]"; print "Begin Processing of various records"} { userclass[NR] = $1 } END { print "Process Complete" ;for (i=0; i <= NR; i++) printf("%-9s %-2d %-2s %-8s\n", "User Info",i,": " ,userclass[i]); print "Total users " NR }' /etc/passwd
7. Apply upper and lower-case formatting to printf values
a. awk ' BEGIN { FS = "[ ;:]"; print "Begin Processing of various records"} { userclass[NR] = $1 } END { print "Process Complete" ;for (i=0; i <= NR; i++) printf("%-9s %-2d %-2s %-8s\n", "User Info",i,": " ,toupper(userclass[i])); print "Total users " NR }' /etc/passwd
b. awk ' BEGIN { FS = "[ ;:]"; print "Begin Processing of various records"} { userclass[NR] = $1 } END { print "Process Complete" ;for (i=0; i <= NR; i++) printf("%-9s %-2d %-2s %-8s\n", "User Info",i,": " ,tolower(userclass[i])); print "Total users " NR }' /etc/passwd
8. Format output from /var/log/messages
a. Extract date, time, server and daemon cloumns, include a header
awk ' BEGIN { printf ("%-16s %-15s %-10s\n", "Date", "Server", "Daemon" )} /kernel/ { printf("%3s %2s %8s %-15s %10s\n", $1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' /var/log/messages
